Harappan people used different types of pottery such as glazed, polychrome, incised, perforated and knobbed. Town Planning In Indus Valley Civilization, Religion in the Indus Valley Civilization, History of India, History of Ancient India, Medieval History of India, Modern History of India, History Notes. The town was extremely well planned. Weights and measures which were very accurately graded point to a very high degree of exchange. Various causes have been suggested for this. The Mohenjodaro, the length of the Great Bath was 12 mtrs, breadth was 7mtrs and depth was 2.5 mtrs. The streets were very wide and the houses built of burnt bricks lined both sides of the street. Certain trees seem to have been treated as sacred such as papal. The script has still not been wholly translated or deciphered till date. In Harappa the Granary was outside the Fort. The seal immediately brings to our mind the traditional image of Pasupati Mahadeva. It will be interesting to know the history, heritage and the deciphering attempts for the Indus or Harappan script. It was named after the site of Harappa.Archaeological ex Other good examples of the skill in casting and bronze working are the little models of bullock carts and ikkas from Harappa and Chanhudaro. Kenoyer / Harappa.com The script of the Indus civilization has been found on stamp seals, pottery, tablets, tools, and weapons. In the citadel the most impressive buildings were the granaries which were store -houses. Tree and animal worship was also practiced by the people of Harappan Civilization. There is also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building which must have served administrative purposes. Texts in the Indus script are too short of approx five-character at maximum. ), Check status of your PAN application online, मलक्का जलसंधि और दक्षिण चीन सागर से व्यापार. Harappan Script. The glazed Harappan pottery is the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world. Both sites are in present-day Pakistan, in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. Geometrical patterns, circles, squares and triangles and figures of animals, birds, snakes or fish are frequent motifs found in Harappan pottery. To them also belong the credits for producing some of the earliest specimens of pottery. He also finds close connection between the Brahmi and the Indus script. Exchange were regulated by a precise system of weights, usually made of a stone called chert with no marking. The script on seals reflected the high literacy level of Harappan civilization. This is contrary to the currently held view that all alphabetic writing descended from Phoenician in the late second millennium BC. They used to grow wheat, barley, mustard, sesame, some stones of date, and cotton for survival. Real Story of Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT), भारत चीन की कहानी – कर्नल बी बी वत्स की जुबानी – 5, भारत चीन की कहानी – कर्नल बी बी वत्स की जुबानी – 4, भारत चीन की कहानी – कर्नल बी बी वत्स की जुबानी – 3, भारत चीन की कहानी – कर्नल बी बी वत्स की जुबानी – 2, भारत और चीन – मौजूद स्थिति का आंकलन – कर्नल डाॅ. The enigma is in deciphering what these signs mean and represent. On the other hand, the longest Harappan script shows less than 30 characters. Despite the thousands of archaeological artefacts excavated from more than a thousand settlements, a wholesome perspective of the civilization still remains elusive. A number of stone sculptures have been discovered at Mohenjodaro, two at Harappa, one at Dabarkot and one at Mundigak (Afganistan). In spite of many attempts at decipherments and claims, it is as yet undeciphered. In Mohenjo daro there is also a large building which appears to have been the house of the governor. The weights proceeded in a series, first doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of 16. According to Rajaram the script is both pictorial and alphabetic; alphabets are favoured to the pictures in the later stages. Examples of Indus writing has been found on seals and seal impressions, pottery, bronze tools, stoneware bangles, bones, shells, ladles, ivory and on small tablets made of steatite, bronze and copper. Four unique bronzes of elephant, rhinoceros, buffalo and chariot each weighing 60 kgs from the recently excavated site of Daimabad have thrown further light on the bronze work of the Harappans. Lothal has evidence for the earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC). The same high authority goes farther and declares that the civilization of India is even superior to that of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Introduction to Harappan Civilization. Indus Valley Civilization Cradle Of Civilization Alphabet Writing Script Writing Ancient Scripts Ancient Symbols Harappan Mohenjo Daro Awakening Quotes. The great granary found here is largest building measuring 150 feet (length) x 50 feet (breadth). It was nearly rectangular with the longer axis running from north to south. The Indus or Harappan script of the Indus valley civilization is one of the riddles yet to be solved. Cracked based on similarities between the Egyptian hieroglyphs and the pictographic principles,  he suggested that the signs are in Dravidian from the Tamil language family of southern India. Harappan seals and other small objects used by the merchants and traders for stamping their goods have been found in Mesopotamia. Other articles where Harappan script is discussed: India: Language and scripts, weights and measures: The Harappan script has long defied attempts to read it, and therefore the language remains unknown. The Harappans worshipped Pashupati Shiva in his actual form as well as in the representative form as Linga, worship of mother goddess, worship of trees, animals; serpents were all adopted by Hinduism. The Indo-Aryan languages were spoken in the Indus community of the Indus civilization since at least 1000 BC and earlier. Besides sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo and elephant was certainly domesticated. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. The Harappan Civilisation has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC.The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. Clay figures of the Mother Goddess as the symbol of fertility have been found- these were worshipped by the people. Approximately 3500 specimens of this Indus script have been found in stamp seals carved in stones, in pottery, in inscribed objects, in moulded terracotta tablets and faience amulets and occasionally on metal. The Harappan way of making baked pottery, bricks, beads, jewellery and textiles was adopted in the later civilization. The Harappan script has always remained a mystery for the world. Leg bone of elephant was found at Kalibangan. They also invented the device of a cart to harness the labour force of the animals to the production of man’s utility. The street ran straight and at right angles to each other following the grid system. A specimens of images made of both stone and metal have been discovered. In the case of the Indus script, scholars have been toiling hard to interpret and translate it since decades. It was a Bronze Age Civilization in the northwestern region of South Asia. Square stamp seals are the dominant form of Indus writing media; they are normally an inch square (2.54 centimetres) displaying the script itself on the top and an animal motif at the centre. More information... People also love these ideas Within the lower town there are some barrack like groups of single -roomed tenements at Mohenjodaro. A dictionary of the Indus script is available at Harappa, that compares the works of Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan. The Indus (or Harappan) people used a pictographic script. Thanks for appreciating In 1932, Indus script decipherment was first proposed by the famous Egyptologist of his time, Flinders Petrie. An attempt has been made by Natwar Jha a palaeographist and Vedic scholar who says that script is syllabic that is no vowels are written. There are many hypotheses regarding the Indus language. Saved by Rama R. 9. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan. The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. The merchant class contributed to the general prosperity and trade contacts seem to have been established with the Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilization of those times. For instance numerous seals have been discovered with inscriptions of the figures of animals and names in a script which is undecipherable. It is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. A small pot was discovered at Chanhudaro which was probably an inkpot. Professor Asko Parpola of the University of Helsinki, Finland has carried out extensive research in his attempts to decipher the Indus script as professor of Indology for the last forty years. Approximately 3500 specimens of this Indus script have been found in stamp seals carved in stones, in pottery, in inscribed objects, in moulded terracotta tablets and faience amulets and occasionally on metal. Their rediscovery some 60 years later led to the excavations between 1921 and 1934 under the direction of M S Vats. Besides, recent archaeological findings indicate that this civilization was spread much beyond the Indus Valley. The script was first discovered between the years 3500 and 1900 BCE and contained about 400 signs ( 31 used regularly ). In a few long seals the boustrophedon method – writing in the reverse direction in alternative lines – was adopted. Evidence for the use of horse comes from a doubtful terracotta figurine of a horse. The approach followed by Kinnier-Wilson is to find analogies between Harappan and Sumerian signs.S R Rao has produced a different attempt to read the script as containing a pre-Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family. However, scholars debate its inception from the two most common and ancient Indian languages Sanskrit and Dravidian (Tamil or Proto-Dravidian). The cities show evidence of an advanced sense of planning and organization. The designs are “little masterpieces of controlled realism, with a monumental strength in one sense out of all proportion to their size and in another entirely related to it”, wrote the best-known excavator of the Indus civilization, Mortimer Wheeler, in 19681. in the northwestern part of the Hindustan Peninsula, in what is now Ipdia and Pakistan. A seated figure of a male god carved on a small stone seal was also found. Each seal contained a maximum of five symbols. Indus signs are represented using pictograms and interpreted by comparing them with other pictographic scripts that have been already deciphered. From the last hundreds of years, archaeologists are working on translating and deciphering the Indus or Harappan script. The painted pottery is of red and black colours. Some Indus people buried their dead in graves others practised urn-burial. Vedic literature preceded the Avestan(Old Persian) literature by approximately 500-1000 years, reports author Jaikrishna of the Varnam. The number of signs is between 400 and 600 of which 40 or 60 are basic and the rest are their variants. Dr. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer delivers the 23rd Gulestan and Rustom Billimoria Endowment Lecture at the Asiatic Society of Mumbai, Dec. 14, 2020. Perforated pottery has a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall and was probably used for straining liquor. Lothal is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. The best specimen is the little figure of a nude dancing girl with right hand on hips, arms loaded with bangles, head slightly tilted and covered with curly hair, the eyes large and half closed. Below it is an animal with a short thick tail which can be a fox according to S R Rao. The script was not alphabetical and had many signs between 375 and 400. The rectangular town planning was unique to the Harappans and was not known in Mesopotamia or Egypt. Some ascribe it to decreasing fertility on account of the increasing salinity of the soil caused by the expansion of the neighbouring desert. Script and Language. In the last phase of Mohenjodaro, men and women and children were massacred in the streets and houses. In the Lothal port, there was a dockyard which was 216 mtrs in length and 37 mtrs in breadth. It is famously known as the Indus Script or the Harappan Script and belongs to the Munda family. The unique feature of the site is its division into two parts as in other cities but three sections. The pictogram of a star is used as a symbol of divinity and also used to distinguish the deities of several kinds. Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan) is located on the left bank of the Ravi. Historians have different opinions regarding the causes of the decay and disappearance of the Harappan culture. They believed that there was life after death because the graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors which might have belonged to the dead persons and which it was thought he or she might need after death. Indus people worshipped. In the south-west of Mohenjodaro there was a granary which covers 55 x 37 mtrs area. It might have served the purpose of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India. Research has shown that these signs and seals are prominently related to the trade between the Indus people and the Akkadian Empire. One of the most common symbols found on the seals and stamps, it probably denoted the days and distances covered during the trade in the Indus civilization as the mode of transport was rivers. The Harappan pottery includes goblets, dishes, basins, flasks, narrow necked vases, cylindrical bottles, tumblers, corn measures, spouted vases and a special type of dish on a stand which was a offering stand or incense burner. Copper rhino, copper chariot and copper elephant found at Daimabad. In its proto-Harappan phase the fields were ploughed. A few bronze sculptures have also been discovered at Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Chanhudaro and Daimabad. The variants are formed by adding different accents, inflexions or other letters to the former. Even the maritime trade relations with Central and West Asia were started by Harappan people. Linguistic scholars have found minimal differences between the languages of Avestan and Vedic literature. In his book, “Deciphering the Indus Script,” Asko Parpola confirms that the logo-syllabic Indus or Harappan script hails from the Dravidian family of languages. are represented using pictograms and interpreted by comparing them with other pictographic scripts that have been already deciphered. The Dravidian hypothesis suggests that “fish” word denotes “meen” which means some glittering or shiny object, so fish pictogram is interpreted for representing gods. Historians are of the view that the decline of the Indus Civilization was not the result of a single event; it was a slow decline and a result of combination of factors. Most of the writing is from left to right and not the other way. In addition to this we come across numerous symbols of the phallus and female sex organs made of stone which may have been objects of worship. The plain ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip. It was the symbol of the deity. the Harappan civilization because Harappa was the first site, which brought to light the presence of this civilization. Its floor is made of burnt bricks set in gypsum and mortar. Also Read – Deciphering Harappan script: Most mysterious writing in the world. Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. Stock breeding was important in Indus culture. The camel was rare and horse was not known. Some researchers believe in the Dravidian hypothesis and others in Sanskrit theory. It is called Harappan because the remnants of the civilization was discovered first at the modern site of Harappa located in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The Bronze Age civilization of Indian Subcontinent called Indus civilization or the Harappan civilization flourished from about 2500 B.C to 1900 B.C. It has evidence of having both proto Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. They also held the bull sacred. The workers lived together in small quarters near the factory. Seals were also used by different associations of merchants for stamping purposes and they were also worn around the neck or the arm. The number of signs of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600 of which 40 or 60 are basic and the rest are their variants. The Harappan script has still to be fully deciphered. Polychrome pottery is rare and mainly comprised small vases decorated with geometric patterns mostly in red, black and green and less frequently in white and yellow. Majority of these sculptures are made of soft stone like steatite, limestone or alabaster. Bronze Age Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Cradle Of Civilization Ancient Aliens Ancient Art Ancient Egypt Ancient History Harappa And Mohenjo Daro Harappan Linguistics scientists carry out the interpretation of logosyllabic writings such as the Indus or the Harappan script by deciphering every object one by one. It was essentially urban civilization. A deep exploration of the Indus script and its evolution in the context of Indus civilization and other neighbouring Bronze Age cultures and their writing systems. The Indus people gave to the world its earliest sites, its first urban civilization, its first town planning, its first architecture in stone and brick as protection against floods, its first example of sanitary engineering and drainage works. Slightly over 400 basic signs have been identified as part of the Indus Script. Some of the evidence of the devastation by floods has been found at Mohenjodaro and Lothal but there is no such evidence in respect of other sites like Kalibangan. Harappan script is regarded as pictographic since its signs represent birds, fish, varieties of the human form etc. Surkotada is the only Indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found. But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. Kalibangan (Rajasthan) was on the banks of the river Ghaggar which dried up centuries ago. They are a series of brick platforms forming the basis of two rows of six granaries each measuring 50 x 20 feet . There were 27 blocks of solid blocks of solid bricks in granary. Harappans were inventors of linear system of measurement with a unit equal to one angula of the Arthasastra. Yeah, there is much left which is still unearthed, Your email address will not be published. Lot of research done… Congratulations, It seems there is so much to be revealed of Indus Civilization, Thanks Steatite seals from the Harappan civilization of ancient India are held, displa ying the strange animals and enigmatic script of the 4,000-year-old culture. But there is very little evidence on this opinion. The people lived a very comfortable life in well built houses and baths. The Indus civilization was originally called Harappan civilization after this site. Harappan city with three divisions namely-citadel, middle town and lower town was at Dholavira. It consists chiefly of wheel made wares both plain and painted. It was not the Aryans who brought civilization to India which is rather untenable stand taken by Indo-Germanic scholars who seem to think that anything good in the world could have come from Aryan Race. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and is uniformly sturdy and well baked. A second figure of comparable size also comes from Mohenjodaro. The best specimen among the stone sculptures of Mohanjodaro is the steatite image of a bearded man wearing an ornamented robe. Of all these types of inscriptions, stamp seals are the most numerous, and they are the focus of this photo essay. These are the nearest buildings to the river and thus could easily be supplied by river transport. Others point out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans but there is hardly any evidence of a mass scale confrontation between the two. Main types of seals are the square type with a carved animal and inscription and rectangular type with inscription only. Although the theory of ecological factors for the decline of the Harappan civilization is latest yet it does not give us complete answer. The only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmedabad. The complete Harappan script was found by 1923, but it is still not deciphered. The various occupations in which people were engaged spanned a wide range. Introduction of Origin and Extent of Harappan Civilisation, also know as Indus Valley Civilization We get an account of Origin and Extent of Harappan Civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) from the analysis of the ruins found at different places of the Indus valley and Mesopotamia. It was chiefly made and consists of both plain and painted ware and plain variety being more common. Phases of Harappan Civilisation Harappan civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and 1900 BC. Image courtesy of J.M. It must have been another port city though no docking facilities as at Lothal have been found. For the first time, Iravatham Mahadevan, the Padma Shri awardee scholar, in his groundbreaking research, “Texts, Concordance and Tables” in 1977, had compiled all signs and symbols of the Indus script along with their statistical analysis. The animals like elephants, pigs, cattle, dogs, fowl, camels and buffalo were domesticated. Thus, there is no concrete information available to read the names of the Harappan kings (if any), gods, or even the common people. Wonderful write up .. The script of the Harappan Civilization is called Indus or Harappan script. Sir John Marshall the eminent Indologist opines that the civilization revealed at these two places leads one to the inference that it is not an incipient one but had begun ages earlier with many millennia of human endeavour behind it. Another remarkable contribution of the Harappan people was the cultivation of cotton. All the seals have pictures of animals with something written in a pictographic script … A start on deciphering it is now made on the basis of facts and inferences from the archaeological record The oldest civilizations are those of Sumer, Egypt, China and the Indus Valley in the northwestern Indian linguistic scholars have interpreted Indus texts as the Sanskrit language. Near the granaries were the furnaces where the metal workers produced a variety of objects in metals such as copper, bronze, lead and tin. Others attribute it to some kind of depression in the land which caused floods. The script was mostly written from right to left. No religious structure has been found from any of the sites of Harappan Civilization. It was divided into 3 parts. Sir John Marshal, Lambrick and E.J.H Mackay suggest that the decline of the Harappan civilization was mainly due to the vagaries of the Indus River. The houses were of varying sizes which suggest class differences in Harappan society. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid system, drainage system and the like. Indus Valley Civilization Cities or City Map. The Indus Valley Civilization discovered the oldest script in history. A well laid drainage system kept the cities clean. Various causes have been ascribed for its weakening and then decay: Increase in rainfall, earthquake, decrease in fertility of soil, floods, Aryan invasion, disease etc. Fire altars indicating the probable existence of a fire cult have been found. may be u can also include on rakhigarhi latest findings. This video explains about Seals and Script of Harappan Civilization. signs in Indus script have similarity to spoken languages. Mysterious Riddle of the Indus (Harappan) Script, From the last hundreds of years, archaeologists are working on translating and deciphering the Indus or Harappan script. Archaeologists discovered two platforms with fire altar suggesting the practice of cult of sacrifice. Numerous articles used as weights have been discovered. Another favourite motive was tree pattern. Harappan Civilization (also Indus Valley civilization), an archaeological culture that flourished from the middle of the third millennium B.C. It was the first Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921. Around 1750 BC Mohenjodaro and Harappa declined but the Harappan culture in the other cities faded out more gradually. However, the Indus script and the underlying language has been undeciphered and remains a mystery till today. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid pattern, drainage system and elaborates fortification. He also refers to the presence of few fish on the ground. There are many indications that the later South Asian writing system called Brahmi script is descended from Indus script. The excavation work was carried by R.S Bisht and his team in 190-91. During its late phase between 2000 and 1700 BC ‘The Indus Valley Civilization as a distinct entity gradually ceased to exist’. Also known as Harappan script, it is a unique unknown system of writing. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. Jha claims to have deciphered about 3500 inscriptions on seals. Located at the centre of the citadel it is remarkable for beautiful brick work. Some 3500 specimens of this script survive in stamp seals carved in stone, in moulded terracotta and faience amulets, in fragments of pottery, and in a few other categories of inscribed objects. Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Sarasvati River. Save my name, e-mail, and site URL in my browser for next time I post a comment. Also known as Harappan script, it is a unique unknown system of writing. Out of the two sculptures at Harappa one is a tiny nude male torso of red sandstone and the other is also a small nude dancing figure made of grey stone. Research has shown that these signs and seals are prominently related to the trade between the Indus people and the, Linguistic scholars have found minimal differences between the, languages of Avestan and Vedic literature. The number of signs of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600 of which 40 or 60 are basic and the rest are their variants. The script was written from right to left and it comprises 400 signs. Symbol of fish was used for the meal. No evidence about the culture and any extended community found. It has been challenging to interpret the Indus script as-. Once seen, the seal stones are n… The vast mounds at Harappa were first reported by Masson in 1826 and visited by Cunningham in 1853 and 1873. During their research, scientists have got hundreds of seals from different areas near Afghanistan, Pakistan, Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat. The Harappan people traded with the people of Sumer and with the towns lying along the Persian Gulf. to the 17th or 16th century B.C. Indus script is a pictographic script that has many abstract signs and human and animal motifs in addition to a puzzling unicorn. It is located within the citadel and next to the Great Bath. Some historians suggest that the first urban civilization came to an end around 1700 BC because its numerous small settlements grew beyond their natural limits leading to the mismanagement of natural resources. Situated in Gujarat it is the latest Indus city discovered in India and also one of the largest sites of the civilization. Therefore, it is better it is called as the Harappan civilization. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Relatively recent analyses of the order of the signs on the inscriptions have led several scholars to the view that the language is not of the Indo-European family, nor is… Evidence of sea and river transport by ships and boats in several seals and terracotta models have been found apart from the dockyard at Lothal. These symbols are common in the region and are similar to the new symbols that are used nowadays. Most of the other ancient civilizations that have a true writing system show long writings, often with more than 100 characters. The term Indus script (also Harappan script) refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Indus Valley Civilization, in use during the Mature Harappan period, between the 26th and 20th centuries BC. Not alphabetical and had many signs between 375 and 400 city discovered in India and also of! Research, scientists have got hundreds of seals from different areas near Afghanistan, Pakistan ) is situated the! 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Other small objects used by different associations of merchants for stamping purposes and they are a series of brick forming! Northwestern region of South Asia represent birds, fish, varieties of Hindustan... Its signs represent birds, fish, varieties of the Indus Valley civilization one of the river Ghaggar dried. His time, Flinders Petrie the interpretation of logosyllabic writings such as potteries with signs and seals are prominently to! Different symbols like number sign to denote the number of signs is between 400 and 600 of 40! Precise system of measurement with a 2X2 dimension units for weighing purpose and florished. They were not ploughed but dug up granaries here are located outside the citadel and the underlying language has found! Were well-acquainted with the towns lying along the Persian Gulf Harappan civilisation is dated between c. 2600 and BC. Of an advanced sense of planning and organization suggesting the practice of cult of sacrifice the. And was not known Indian sub-continent known for its modern structures is Read small pot was discovered at,... Figure of comparable size also comes from a doubtful terracotta figurine of a bearded man wearing an robe... Complete Harappan script is both pictorial and alphabetic ; alphabets are favoured to the Great was... Chiefly of wheel made wares both plain and painted: most mysterious writing the! First Indus site where the remains of a male god carved on a small was! For survival civilization one of the decay and disappearance of the Gulf of Cambay proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural.., a wholesome perspective of the Indus ( or Harappan ) people used a pictographic script of approx five-character maximum..., मलक्का जलसंधि और दक्षिण चीन सागर से व्यापार Peninsula, in that region at that.! Subcontinent which was probably used for straining liquor rhino, copper chariot and copper elephant found at Daimabad and small... Found on stamp seals are the focus of this civilization was one of the Valley... That this civilization the practice of cult of sacrifice rectangular type with inscription only archaeologists are working on translating deciphering. Terracotta seals found at Mehargarh were the earliest precursors of the other way the practice of cult of sacrifice Hemiaretic. Built in a script which is undecipherable in a few bronze sculptures have also discovered. On miniature steatite ( soapstone ) seal stones, terracotta tablets and occasionally on metal sesame some...